Historical Notes
about the
Cost of
Hard Drive Storage Space



Prediction: The cost for 128 kilobytes of memory
will fall below U$100 in the near future.

Creative Computing magazine
December 1981, page 6

At $100 for 128 kilobytes, the price of 256 megabytes comes to $200,000.


RAM (random-access memory) is now
at record low prices, with many vendors
offering 256-megabyte modules for U$50 or less.

San Francisco Chronicle, 27 September 2001

These items refer to static (no moving parts) memory modules, not to hard drives,
but this astonishing reduction in cost over the last couple of decades
has occurred both in static memory and in rotating hard drives.
Both are essential to the operation of modern computers.





Make it bigger, faster, cheaper.
— Al Shugart
Chairman and CEO of Seagate Technology Inc.
(originally Shugart Technology Inc.)
1997 Inductee, Computer Industry Hall of Fame
http://www.crn.com/sections/special/supplement/763/763p89_hof.asp





The cost of hard drives, used in computers for storing data in large quantities, has been falling rapidly for many years. Below are some details. Note the steep decline in the cost per megabyte. The column headed "W" shows the warranty duration in years. The "Price of Drive" is the retail price, sales taxes extra. The "Cost per megabyte" is the retail price, all taxes included. Prices are in Canadian currency, except prices marked "U$" which are in United States currency. These examples have been selected from hard drives advertised for sale at retail, to show the lowest available per-megabyte cost.

Source Manufacturer W
y
Capacity Price of
Drive
Cost per
megabyte
1956
Note 0 IBM 5 megabytes U$50,000 U$10,000
1980 January
Morrow Designs 26 megabytes U$5000 U$193
1980 July
Note 34 North Star 18 megabytes U$4199 U$233
1981 September
Apple 5 megabytes U$3500 U$700
1981 November
Seagate 5 megabytes U$1700 U$340
1981 December
Note 31 VR Data Corp. 6.3 megabytes U$2895 U$460
Note 32 Morrow Designs 10 megabytes U$2999 U$300
Note 33 Morrow Designs 10 megabytes U$2949 U$295
Note 31 VR Data Corp. 19 megabytes U$5495 U$289
Note 33 Morrow Designs 20 megabytes U$3829 U$191
Note 33 Morrow Designs 26 megabytes U$3949 U$152
Note 32 Morrow Designs 26 megabytes U$3599 U$138
1982 March
Xebec U$260
1983 December
Note 35 Corvus 6 megabytes U$1895 U$316
Note 35 Corvus 10 megabytes U$2695 U$270
Note 35 Xcomp 10 megabytes U$1895 U$190
Note 35 Corvus 20 megabytes U$3495 U$175
Note 35 Davong 10 megabytes U$1650 U$165
Note 35 Xcomp 16 megabytes U$2095 U$131
Note 35 Davong 21 megabytes U$2495 U$119
1984 March
Note 37 Percom/Tandon 5 megabytes U$1399 U$280
Note 38 not known 5 megabytes U$1349 U$270
Note 37 Percom/Tandon 10 megabytes U$1699 U$170
Note 38 not known 10 megabytes U$1599 U$160
Note 37 Percom/Tandon 15 megabytes U$2095 U$140
Note 38 not known 15 megabytes U$1999 U$133
Note 37 Percom/Tandon 20 megabytes U$2399 U$120
Note 38 not known 20 megabytes U$2359 U$118
1984 May
Note 36 Tecmar 5 megabytes U$1495 U$299
Note 36 Corvus 6 megabytes U$1695 U$283
Note 36 Corvus 11 megabytes U$2350 U$214
Note 36 Comrex 10 megabytes U$1995 U$200
Note 36 CTI 11 megabytes U$1995 U$181
Note 36 Davong 10 megabytes U$1645 U$165
Note 36 Corvus 20 megabytes U$3150 U$158
Note 36 Davong 15 megabytes U$2095 U$140
Note 36 Davong 21 megabytes U$2495 U$119
Note 36 Pegasus (Great Lakes) 10 megabytes U$1075 U$108
Note 36 Pegasus (Great Lakes) 23 megabytes U$1845 U$80
1985 July
Note 30 First Class Peripherals 1 10 megabytes U$710.00 U$71
1987 October
Note 39 Iomega 10 megabytes U$899 U$90
Note 39 Iomega 20 megabytes U$1199 U$60
Note 39 Iomega 40 megabytes U$1799 U$45
1988 May
Note 1 20 megabytes U$799 U$40
Note 1 30 megabytes U$995 U$33
Note 1 45 megabytes U$1195 U$27
Note 1 60 megabytes U$1795 U$30
Note 1 250 megabytes U$3995 U$16
1989 March
Note 56 Western Digital 20 megabytes $899.00 $53
Note 56 Western Digital 40 megabytes $1199.00 $36
1989 September
Note 11 $12
1990 September
Note 11 $9
1991 September
Note 11 $7
1992 September
Note 11 $4
1993 September
Note 11 $2
1994 September
Note 11 95¢
1995 January
Note 2 Seagate 5 1.0 gigabyte $849 85¢
Note 2 Seagate 5 1.7 gigabytes $1499 88¢
Note 2 Seagate 5 2.1 gigabytes $1699 81¢
Note 2 Seagate 5 2.9 gigabytes $2899 99¢
1995 April
Note 24 240 megabytes $250.00 $1.26
Note 24 420 megabytes $320.00 92.2¢
Note 24 520 megabytes $380.00 88.4¢
Note 24 850 megabytes $470.00 66.9¢
Note 24 1.0 gigabyte $625.00 75.6¢
Note 24 1.2 gigabytes $680.00 68.6¢
1996 June 10
Note 3 Western Digital 3 1.6 gigabytes $399.99 29.5¢
1996 August 14
Note 4 IBM 3 1.76 gigabytes $379.99 26.3¢
Note 4 Maxtor 2.0 gigabytes $439.99 25.9¢
1996 September
Note 5 Quantum 2.5 gigabytes $440.00 20.7¢
Note 5 Quantum 3.2 gigabytes $469.00 17.3¢


This project — a history of the remarkable decline in cost of hard drive data storage capacity — began with an email exchange in July 1996. Much of the above information was gathered July-September 1996. Later updates below:

Source Manufacturer W
y
Capacity Price of
Drive
Cost per
megabyte
1997 August 13
Note 6 Western Digital 2.1 gigabytes $329.99 18.1¢
Note 6 Western Digital 3.1 gigabytes $399.99 14.8¢
Note 6 Western Digital 4.0 gigabytes $490.99 14.1¢
1997 August 24
Note 7 Western Digital 3 2.1 gigabytes $279.99 15.3¢
Note 7 Western Digital 3 3.1 gigabytes $329.99 12.2¢
Note 7 Maxtor 3 3.5 gigabytes $359.99 11.8¢
Note 7 Maxtor 3 4.3 gigabytes $439.99 11.8¢
Note 7 Western Digital 3 5.1 gigabytes $459.99 10.4¢
1997 September 5
Note 8 Maxtor 3 7.0 gigabytes $669.99 11.0¢
1997 November 29
Note 9 Western Digital 3.2 gigabytes $289.00 10.4¢
Note 9 Quantum 3.2 gigabytes $285.00 10.2¢
Note 9 Quantum 4.3 gigabytes $379.00 10.1¢
Note 9 Western Digital 4.3 gigabytes $365.00 9.76¢
Note 9 Quantum 6.4 gigabytes $475.00 8.54¢
Note 9 Western Digital 6.4 gigabytes $445.00 8.00¢
1997 December 3
Note 10 Western Digital 3 5.1 gigabytes $449.99 10.1¢
Note 10 Quantum 3 6.4 gigabytes $549.99 9.88¢
Note 10 Maxtor 3 5.2 gigabytes $438.99 9.71¢
Note 10 Maxtor 3 7.0 gigabytes $579.99 9.53¢
Note 10 Maxtor 3 8.4 gigabytes $679.99 9.31¢
1998 January 16
Note 12 Western Digital 3 6.4 gigabytes $529.99 9.52¢
Note 12 Quantum 3 4.3 gigabytes $349.99 9.36¢
Note 12 Quantum 3 6.4 gigabytes $479.99 8.63¢
Note 12 Maxtor 3 8.4 gigabytes note 12 8.39¢
1998 February 3
Note 13 not known 3 5.2 gigabytes $355.00 7.85¢
Note 13 not known 3 6.4 gigabytes $435.00 7.82¢
1998 April 2
Note 14 Maxtor 3 5.1 gigabytes $379.99 8.57¢
Note 14 Maxtor 3 4.3 gigabytes $319.99 8.56¢
Note 14 Western Digital 3 6.4 gigabytes note 14 7.43¢
Note 14 Quantum 3 6.4 gigabytes $339.99 6.11¢
1998 April 4
Note 17 not known 5.2 gigabytes $349.00 7.72¢
Note 15 Maxtor 3 4.3 gigabytes note 15 7.63¢
Note 16 not known 3 6.4 gigabytes $370.00 6.65¢
Note 16 not known 3 5.2 gigabytes $300.00 6.63¢
Note 17 not known 9.0 gigabytes $499.00 6.38¢
1998 April 17
Note 18 Fujitsu 4.3 gigabytes $282.00 7.54¢
Note 18 Fujitsu 5.2 gigabytes $331.00 7.32¢
Note 18 Fujitsu 6.4 gigabytes $368.00 6.61¢
1998 May 2
Note 19 Seagate 1 6.4 gigabytes $349.99 6.29¢
1998 May 9
Note 20 Seagate 6.4 gigabytes $329.99 5.93¢
1998 May 11
Note 21 Fujitsu 3.2 gigabytes $227.00 8.16¢
Note 21 Fujitsu 4.3 gigabytes $257.00 6.87¢
Note 21 Fujitsu 5.2 gigabytes $299.00 6.61¢
Note 21 Fujitsu 6.4 gigabytes $328.00 5.89¢
1998 June 6
Note 22 Maxtor 3 5.7 gigabytes $299.99 6.05¢
1998 June 12
Note 23 Quantum 4.3 gigabytes $228.00 6.10¢
Note 23 Quantum 6.4 gigabytes $298.00 5.35¢
1998 July 15
Note 25 5.2 gigabytes $249.00 5.51¢
1998 July 31
Note 26 Western Digital IDE 5.1 gigabytes $262.00 5.91¢
Note 26 Fujitsu IDE 5.2 gigabytes $252.00 5.57¢
Note 26 Western Digital IDE 6.4 gigabytes $294.00 5.28¢
Note 26 Western Digital IDE 8.4 gigabytes $382.00 5.23¢
Note 26 Fujitsu IDE 6.4 gigabytes $291.00 5.23¢
1998 August 1
Note 27 Western Digital EIDE 4.0 gigabytes note 27 5.46¢
1998 August 6
Note 28 Western Digital EIDE 3 5.1 gigabytes note 28 4.64¢
1998 August 14
Note 29 Fujitsu 6.4 gigabytes $289.00 5.19¢
1998 August 26
Note 40 Seagate 1 6.4 gigabytes $279.99 5.03¢
1998 September 1
Note 41 Maxtor UDMA 3 8.4 gigabytes $379.99 5.20¢
Note 41 Maxtor UDMA 6.8 gigabytes $279.99 4.74¢
1998 September 10
Note 42 Western Digital EIDE 3 5.1 gigabytes note 42 4.79¢
1998 October 1
Note 43 Quantum 6.4 gigabytes note 43 4.26¢
1999 February 12
Note 44 Quantum 8.0 gigabytes $299.99 4.31¢
1999 February 26
Note 45 Maxtor 8.4 gigabytes see note 45 3.77¢
Note 46 Quantum 8.0 gigabytes see note 46 3.65¢
1999 February 27
Note 47 Quantum 19.2 gigabytes $512.46 3.07¢
1999 March 1
Note 48 Fujitsu Ultra DMA 3 8.4 gigabytes $253.00 3.46¢
Note 48 Fujitsu Ultra DMA 3 10.2 gigabytes $299.00 3.37¢
1999 March 3
Note 49 Fujitsu Ultra DMA 3 8.4 gigabytes $235.00 3.22¢
Note 49 Fujitsu Ultra DMA 3 10.2 gigabytes $285.00 3.21¢
1999 April 1
Note 50 Fujitsu UDMA 10.2 gigabytes $279.00 3.15¢
Note 50 Fujitsu UDMA 8.4 gigabytes $229.00 3.14¢
1999 May 21
Note 51 Fujitsu UDMA 6.4 gigabytes $179.99 3.23¢
1999 May 27
Note 52 Fujitsu UDMA 10.2 gigabytes $245.00 2.76¢
Note 52 Fujitsu UDMA 8.4 gigabytes $198.00 2.71¢
Note 52 Fujitsu UDMA 17.3 gigabytes $369.00 2.45¢
1999 May 28
Note 53 Maxtor UDMA 3 10.0 gigabytes $249.99 2.88¢
1999 July 21
Note 54 Maxtor Ultra DMA 3 8.4 gigabytes $199.99 2.74¢
1999 July 30
Note 55 Fujitsu UDMA 6.4 gigabytes $139.99 2.63¢
1999 September 25
Note 57 Not known 10.2 gigabytes note 57 1.85¢
1999 October 1
Note 58 Quantum CX UTA 66 10.2 gigabytes $199.00 2.24¢
Note 58 Quantum KA
7200 rpm
13.6 gigabytes $249.00 2.11¢
Note 58 Western Digital 20.0 gigabytes $359.00 2.06¢
Note 58 Western Digital
7200 rpm
27.3 gigabytes $489.00 2.06¢
Note 58 Quantum CX UTA 66 13.6 gigabytes $219.00 1.85¢
1999 December 1
Note 59 Western Digital IDE 20.5 gigabytes $398.00 2.23¢
Note 59 Quantum IDE 18.2 gigabytes $348.00 2.20¢
Note 60 Mfgr? UDMA 10.2 gigabytes $189.00 2.13¢
Note 59 Fujitsu IDE 10.2 gigabytes $189.00 2.13¢
Note 59 Fujitsu IDE 13.0 gigabytes $208.00 1.84¢
Note 60 Mfgr? UDMA 13.0 gigabytes $195.00 1.73¢
Note 59 Fujitsu IDE 20.4 gigabytes $299.00 1.69¢
Note 59 Fujitsu IDE 17.3 gigabytes $248.00 1.65¢
Note 59 Fujitsu IDE 27.3 gigabytes $388.00 1.63¢
Note 60 Mfgr? UDMA 17.3 gigabytes $225.00 1.50¢


From here on, the cost of hard drives will be stated
per gigabyte (below)
instead of per megabyte (above)


Source Manufacturer W
y
Capacity Price of
Drive
Cost per
gigabyte
Cost per
megabyte
2000 February 1
Note 61 Mfgr? UDMA 10.2 gigabytes $175.00 $19.73 1.97¢
Note 62 Fujitsu 20.4 gigabytes $299.00 $16.86 1.69¢
Note 62 Fujitsu 13.6 gigabytes $199.00 $16.83 1.68¢
Note 64 Mfgr? 12.9 gigabytes $187.99 $16.76 1.68¢
Note 63 Fujitsu 13.6 gigabytes $197.80 $16.73 1.67¢
Note 61 Mfgr? UDMA 13.0 gigabytes $186.00 $16.45 1.65¢
Note 62 Fujitsu 17.3 gigabytes $238.00 $15.82 1.58¢
Note 62 Fujitsu 27.3 gigabytes $375.00 $15.80 1.58¢
Note 63 Fujitsu 17.3 gigabytes $232.30 $15.44 1.54¢
Note 61 Mfgr? UDMA 17.3 gigabytes $215.00 $14.29 1.43¢
Note 64 Mfgr? 20.4 gigabytes $211.99 $11.95 1.20¢
2000 April 1
Note 69 IBM 20.5 gigabytes $279.00 $15.65 1.57¢
Note 69 Maxtor 15.2 gigabytes $199.00 $15.06 1.51¢
Note 70 Maxtor 7200 rpm 20.0 gigabytes $259.00 $14.89 1.49¢
Note 70 Maxtor UDMA 15.0 gigabytes $192.00 $14.72 1.47¢
Note 70 Seagate UDMA 17.2 gigabytes $218.00 $14.58 1.46¢
Note 70 Seagate UDMA 28.0 gigabytes $349.00 $14.33 1.43¢
Note 68 17.3 gigabytes $215.00 $14.29 1.43¢
Note 70 IBM UDMA 5400 rpm 20.3 gigabytes $245.00 $13.88 1.39¢
Note 70 Maxtor UDMA 17.0 gigabytes $204.00 $13.80 1.38¢
Note 70 Maxtor 7200 rpm 27.0 gigabytes $320.00 $13.63 1.36¢
Note 68 20.4 gigabytes $239.00 $13.47 1.35¢
Note 70 Maxtor UDMA 36.5 gigabytes $411.00 $12.95 1.30¢
Note 70 Maxtor UDMA 27.0 gigabytes $299.00 $12.74 1.27¢
Note 70 Western Digital
UDMA
20.0 gigabytes $218.00 $12.54 1.25¢
Note 70 Maxtor UDMA 20.0 gigabytes $217.00 $12.48 1.25¢
Note 70 Maxtor UDMA 30.0 gigabytes $308.00 $11.81 1.18¢
2000 May 12
Note 65 Western Digital
Ultra ATA/66
5400 rpm
13.6 gigabytes $179.99 $15.22 1.52¢
Note 65 Maxtor
UDMA/66 7200 rpm
30.0 gigabytes $319.99 $12.27 1.23¢
Note 66 Maxtor
UDMA/66 7200 rpm
3 40.0 gigabytes $399.99 $11.50 1.15¢
2000 June 2
Note 67 Maxtor
UDMA/66 5400 rpm
3 15.0 gigabytes $189.99 $14.57 1.46¢
2000 August 1
Note 73 Samsung 15.0 gigabytes $162.00 $12.42 1.24¢
Note 74 Maxtor IDE 7200rpm 30.5 gigabytes $298.00 $11.24 1.12¢
Note 73 Samsung 20.0 gigabytes $175.00 $10.06 1.01¢
2000 August 19-20
Note 72 Maxtor 7200rpm 9ms 40.9 gigabytes $388.00 $10.91 1.09¢
Note 71 Maxtor 5400rpm 15.3 gigabytes $144.00 $10.82 1.08¢
Note 72 Maxtor 7200rpm 9ms 30.7 gigabytes $278.00 $10.41 1.04¢
Note 71 Maxtor 5400rpm 20.4 gigabytes $164.00 $9.25 0.925¢
Note 71 Maxtor 5400rpm 30.7 gigabytes $214.00 $8.02 0.802¢
2000 August 25
Note 75 Maxtor 5400rpm 15.0 gigabytes $149.99 $11.50 1.15¢
Note 75 Maxtor 7200rpm 40.0 gigabytes $349.99 $10.06 1.01¢
Note 75 Maxtor 7200rpm UDMA/66 30.0 gigabytes $249.99 $9.58 0.958¢



The right-hand column (below), states
the storage capacity, in megabytes,
available at a retail cost of one cent.

"Price of drive" is the store price, excluding sales tax.
"Cost per gigabyte" and "Megabytes for one cent" are
stated with 15% sales tax included (purchaser's cost).


Source Manufacturer W
y
Capacity Price of
Drive
Cost per
gigabyte
Mby
for
2000 October 27
Note 76 Maxtor 7200rpm 30.7 gigabytes $244.00 $9.14 1.09
Note 76 Maxtor 7200rpm 40.9 gigabytes $318.00 $8.94 1.12
Note 76 Maxtor 5400rpm 61.4 gigabytes $398.00 $7.45 1.34
Note 76 Maxtor 5400rpm 81.9 gigabytes $518.00 $7.27 1.37
Note 76 Maxtor 5400rpm 30.7 gigabytes $194.00 $7.27 1.38
Note 76 Maxtor 5400rpm 40.9 gigabytes $254.00 $7.14 1.40
2000 November 1
Note 77 Maxtor 7200rpm
UDMA/66
30 gigabytes note 77 $7.88 1.27
2000 December 13
Note 78 Samsung 30 gigabytes $189.00 $7.25 1.38
2000 December 20
Note 79 Maxtor Ultra ATA 66
5400 rpm
3 80 gigabytes $479.99 $6.90 1.45
2001 January 14
Note 80 5400 rpm 61 gigabytes $388.00 $7.31 1.37
Note 80 5400 rpm 82 gigabytes $518.00 $7.26 1.38
Note 80 5400 rpm 40 gigabytes $238.00 $6.84 1.46
2001 April 25
Note 81 Quantum 7200 rpm 40 gigabytes $260.00 $7.48 1.34
Note 81 Fujitsu 5400 rpm
UDMA-100
30 gigabytes $169.00 $6.48 1.54
Note 81 Fujitsu 5400 rpm
UDMA-100
40 gigabytes $199.00 $5.72 1.75
2001 May 1
Note 82 5400 rpm 30 gigabytes $178.00 $6.82 1.47
Note 82 5400 rpm 82 gigabytes $468.00 $6.56 1.52
Note 82 5400 rpm 61 gigabytes $344.00 $6.49 1.54
Note 82 5400 rpm 40 gigabytes $204.00 $5.87 1.71
2001 June 28
Note 83 Western Digital
7200 rpm EIDE
3 40 gigabytes $219.99 $6.33 1.58
2001 July 6
Note 84 Maxtor UATA
7200 rpm
3 60 gigabytes $329.99 $6.33 1.58
2001 July 20
Note 85 Western Digital
7200 rpm UATA
80 gigabytes note 85 $5.75 1.74
2001 August 31
Note 86 Western Digital
7200 rpm UATA
60 gigabytes note 86 $4.41 2.27
2001 November 30
Note 87 Western Digital
7200 rpm EIDE
UATA-100
100 gigabytes note 87 $2.99 3.34
2001 December 1
Note 88 Maxtor 5400 rpm IDE 40 gigabytes $158.88 $4.57 2.19
2002 March 8
Note 89 Western Digital
5400 rpm EIDE
Ultra ATA-100
40 gigabytes $149.99 $4.31 2.32
2002 July 27
Note 90 Maxtor
7200 rpm IDE
40 gigabytes $128.88 $3.71 2.70
2002 August 9
Note 91 Western Digital
7200 rpm EIDE
Ultra ATA-100
100 gigabytes $229.99 $2.65 3.78
2002 August 16
Note 92 Western Digital
7200 rpm
Ultra ATA-100
60 gigabytes $149.99 $2.88 3.48
Note 92 Maxtor
7200 rpm EIDE
Ultra ATA-133/100
3 80 gigabytes $259.99 $3.74 2.68
2002 August 23
Note 93 Western Digital
5400 rpm EIDE
Ultra ATA-100
1 40 gigabytes $89.99 $2.59 3.86
2002 August 30
Note 94 Western Digital
7200 rpm EIDE
Ultra ATA-100
3 100 gigabytes $179.99 $2.07 4.83
2002 September 6
Note 95 Western Digital
7200 rpm
3 120 gigabytes $269.99 $2.59 3.86
Note 95 Western Digital
7200 rpm EIDE
3 40 gigabytes $99.99 $2.88 3.48
2002 September 20
Note 96 Western Digital
5400 rpm EIDE
Ultra ATA-100
1 40 gigabytes $89.99 $2.59 3.86
Note 96 Western Digital
7200 rpm
Ultra ATA-100
3 60 gigabytes $139.99 $2.68 3.73
2003 October 11
Note 97 Maxtor 7200 rpm IDE 40 gigabytes $89.88 $2.58 3.87
Note 97 Maxtor 7200 rpm IDE 120 gigabytes $158.00 $1.51 6.60
2003 November 29
Note 98 Maxtor Serial ATA 80 gigabytes $134.00 $1.93 5.19
Note 98 Western Digital
SMB cache
80 gigabytes $124.00 $1.78 5.61
Note 98 Maxtor Serial ATA 120 gigabytes $168.00 $1.61 6.21
Note 98 Western Digital
SMB cache
120 gigabytes $158.00 $1.51 6.60
Note 98 Maxtor 7200 rpm IDE 80 gigabytes $98.88 $1.42 7.04
Note 98 Maxtor 7200 rpm IDE 120 gigabytes $144.88 $1.39 7.20
2004 March 27
Note 99 Western Digital Caviar
7200rpm
160 gigabytes $269.99 $1.94 5.15
Note 99 Cicero 7200rpm 160 gigabytes $269.95 $1.94 5.15
Note 99 Western Digital
7200rpm
250 gigabytes $369.99 $1.70 5.88
Note 100 Western Digital 80 gigabytes $109.00 $1.57 6.38
Note 100 Maxtor 7200rpm IDE 80 gigabytes $98.00 $1.41 7.10
Note 100 Western Digital 120 gigabytes $144.00 $1.38 7.25
Note 100 Maxtor 7200rpm IDE 120 gigabytes $129.00 $1.24 8.09
2004 April 2
Note 101 Western Digital Caviar
7200rpm
4.2ms avg. seek time
1 160 gigabytes $169.99 $1.22 8.18
2004 April 16
Note 102 Western Digital Caviar SE
7200rpm
1 250 gigabytes $249.99 $1.15 8.70


All of the above, except the 1956 item, were and are hard drives for use with personal computers. For comparison, the cost of plain paper comes to about $5 per megabyte just for the paper, (taking one megabyte to be equivalent to about 500 pages typed one side single-spaced, with the cost of paper at one cent per letter-size sheet, which is a reasonably average price in the 1990s).

Note 0: The Financial Post newspaper of 22 April 1995, carried a long article, Drive to Replace Magnetic Storage, which was full of technical details about the history and current state of assorted data storage devices for computers. It included this: "In 1956, IBM (International Business Machines Corporation) unveiled the first commercial disc storage system, called Ramac. The size of a large cupboard, it contained fifty 24-inch 61 cm discs, could store five megabytes — about five million characters of text — and cost almost US$50,000. In June (1995), IBM will launch a 2.5 inch 6.4 cm disc drive with a capacity of 1,200 megabytes, almost 250 times greater than Ramac. It is just 17 mm high, costs US$790, and can fit inside a notebook computer."

1956 October 29 — The first hard disk drive is born at IBM. The original was the size of two refrigerators and held 5 megabytes of data at a cost of about $10,000 per megabyte. In 1973, IBM introduced the IBM 3340 hard disk unit, known as the Winchester, IBM's internal development code name. The term Winchester came from an early model developed by IBM that stored 30 megabytes and had a 30 millisecond access time; so its inventors called it a Winchester in honor of the .30-caliber rifle of the same name. The recording head rode on a layer of air 18 millionths of an inch 0.5 micrometre thick.

Note 1: Amazing Computer magazine, May 1988 (Special Hardware Edition), drives for sale by Supra Corporation, Albany, New York.

Note 2: The Computer Paper, January 1995, contains an advertisement offering Seagate hard drives for sale by mail order (no sales tax) from Brampton, Ontario.

Note 3: Future Shop, Halifax, in a flyer distributed in the Halifax Chronicle-Herald, 10 June 1996.

Note 4: Future Shop, Halifax, in a flyer distributed in the Halifax Chronicle-Herald, 14 August 1996.

Note 5: The Computer Paper, (monthly) Eastern Edition, September 1996; the ad for the 2.5 gigabyte drive appears on page 48, and the ad for the 3.2 gigabyte drive appears on page 56.

Note 6: Business Depot Ltd., 202 Brownlow Avenue, Dartmouth, in a flyer distributed in the Halifax Chronicle-Herald, 12 August 1997, prices effective 13 to 19 August 1997.

Note 7: Future Shop, 208 Chain Lake Drive, Halifax, in a flyer distributed in the Halifax metropolitan area, prices effective 24 August to 16 September 1997.

Note 8: Future Shop, 208 Chain Lake Drive, Halifax, in-store price $699.99 less $30.00 rebate coupon; coupon available until 31 October 1997.

Note 9: C.I.N. Tech Limited (Computer InterNet Technologies), 1142 Bedford Highway, Bedford, http://www.cin-tech.ns.ca/ advertisement, page 12, the Halifax Daily News, 29 November 1997.

Note 10: Future Shop, 208 Chain Lake Drive, Halifax. In-store prices, 3 December 1997.

Note 11: Adapted from historical data published in the San Jose Mercury, 30 December 1997.

Note 12: Future Shop, 208 Chain Lake Drive, Halifax, in-store prices on 16 January 1998. The Maxtor 8.4 gigabyte drive price was a bit complicated: The price tag said $649.99, which was subject to a 15% sales tax, and there was an in-store mail-in manufacturer's rebate coupon for U$30.00. The exchange rate this day was C$1.00 = U69.6¢, making the coupon rebate worth C$43.10. The purchaser's net cost would be $649.99 + $97.50 - $43.10 = $704.39, which worked out to 8.39¢ per megabyte. The Western Digital and Quantum drives were priced without rebates.

Note 13: The Computer Paper, Eastern Edition (Atlantic Provinces), February 1998, on page 66 has an advertisement offering these drives for sale by CompuTrend, 30 Farnham Gate Road, Halifax.

Note 14: Future Shop, 208 Chain Lake Drive, Halifax, in-store prices on 2 April 1998. The Western Digital 6.4 gigabyte drive price was a bit complicated: The price tag said $449.99, which was subject to a 15% sales tax, and there was an in-store mail-in manufacturer's rebate coupon for U$30.00. At the current exchange rate, U$30.00 converts to about C$42.90.

Note 15: Future Shop, 208 Chain Lake Drive, Halifax, in a full-page advertisement in the Halifax Daily News, 4 April 1998. The price was $319.99, which was subject to a 15% sales tax, and there was an in-store mail-in manufacturer's rebate coupon stated to be worth C$40.00.

Note 16: The Computer Paper, Eastern Edition (Atlantic Provinces), April 1998, on page 14 has an advertisement offering these drives for sale by CompuTrend, 30 Farnham Gate Road, Halifax.

Note 17: The Computer Paper, Eastern Edition (Atlantic Provinces), April 1998, on page 31 has an advertisement offering these drives for sale by Liveware Computers of Canada Inc., 5280 Green Street, Halifax.

Note 18: The Halifax Daily News, 17 April 1998, on page 35 has an advertisement offering these drives for sale by Cellar Computers Ltd., 1590 Argyle Street, Halifax http://www.cellar.ns.ca/

Note 19: Future Shop, 208 Chain Lake Drive, Halifax, in a full-page advertisement in the Halifax Daily News, 2 May 1998.

Note 20: Future Shop, 208 Chain Lake Drive, Halifax, in a full-page advertisement in the Halifax Daily News, 9 May 1998.

Note 21: Cellar Computers Limited, 1590 Argyle Street, Halifax, http://www.cellar.ns.ca/ in an advertisement in the Halifax Daily News, 11 May 1998.

Note 22: Future Shop, 208 Chain Lake Drive, Halifax, in a full-page advertisement in the Halifax Daily News, 6 June 1998. The price for this drive was stated as $339.99 less a mail-in rebate coupon worth $40.00, for a net price of $299.99. "Less than 10ms average access time. 256k cache, UDMA." (ultra direct memory access)

Note 23: Computer Annex, 958 Cole Harbour Road, Dartmouth, in an advertisement in the Halifax Daily News, 12 June 1998. "UDMA" (ultra direct memory access)

Note 24: K-PC Ltee, 2445 Agricola Street, Halifax, in an advertisement in the Nova Scotia Business Journal, April 1995, distributed as an insert in the Nova Scotia edition of The Globe and Mail, 13 April 1995.

Note 25: An advertisement the Halifax Chronicle-Herald, 15 July 1998, offers these drives for sale "this week only" by CompuTrend, 30 Farnham Gate Road, Halifax.

Note 26: Cellar Computers Limited, 1590 Argyle Street, Halifax, http://www.cellar.ns.ca/ in an advertisement in the Halifax Daily News, 31 July 1998.

Note 27: Future Shop, 208 Chain Lake Drive, Halifax, in an advertisement in the Halifax Daily News, 1 August 1998. The pricing of this item was complicated. The in-store price was $301.99, less a mail-in rebate coupon worth $112.00, for a net cost, before sales tax, of $189.99.

Note 28: Future Shop, 208 Chain Lake Drive, Halifax, in an advertisement in the Halifax Daily News, 6 August 1998. The pricing of this item was complicated. The store price was $311.99, plus 15% sales tax, for a total cost to the purchaser of $358.79. However, the drive package includes "mail-in and bundle rebates," worth U$80.00. At the close of business on 6 August, the currency exchange rate was C$1.00 = U65.39¢, making the value of the rebate C$122.34. Using this exchange rate, the rebates are worth C$122.34, and the final cost of this hard drive is C$236.45, or 4.64¢ per megabyte.

Note 29: Cellar Computers Limited, 1590 Argyle Street, Halifax, http://www.cellar.ns.ca/ in an advertisement in the Halifax Daily News, 14 August 1998.

Note 30: Advertisement in Creative Computing magazine, July 1985, page 19, by First Class Peripherals, Carson City, Nevada, offers for sale by mail "a superior quality 10 megabyte Winchester hard disk for only $695" plus $15 shipping. "You're probably already wondering, 'Can I really get a 10 megabyte hard disk that's reliable for only $695?' Absolutely, when you choose the Sider from First Class Peripherals." Includes everything, "cables, host adaptor, installation software, and manual." The Sider was a separate box that was placed on the table beside the computer (hence the name). The Sider was for Apple II+ and IIe.

Note 31: Advertisement in Creative Computing magazine, December 1981, page 233, by VR Data Corporation, 777 Henderson Boulevard, Folcroft, Pennsylvania, offering a "6.3 megabyte Winchester Hard Disk Model III Subsystem with chassis" for U$2895.00. Also, 2 × 9.5 megabyte drives (on one chassis), U$5495.00.

Note 32: Advertisement in Creative Computing magazine, December 1981, page 5, by Computers Wholesale, Camillus, New York, offering Morrow hard drives for sale. Model M-10 U$2999, and M-26 U$3599. This ad does not state the drive capacity, but on page 57 of the same issue there is explicit confirmation that M-10 means a Morrow 10 megabyte drive and M-26 means a Morrow 26 megabyte drive.

Early ad for hard drive
February 1980 ad offering
Winchester hard disk drive
for North Star personal computer.

Click on image to see the whole ad.


Note 33: Advertisement in Creative Computing magazine, December 1981, page 57, by AlphaByte Stores, 31245 La Baya Drive, Westlake Village, California 91362, offering Morrow hard drives for sale.

Morrow Designs Inc., 600 McCormick Street, San Leandro, California 94577, was founded by George Morrow. Morrow Designs made hard disk storage units, and also produced personal computers. Creative Computing magazine, May 1984, page 28, has a review of the Morrow Micro Decision MDT20, a desktop computer complete with keyboard and a green phosphorous monitor displaying 80 characters per line, 24lines visible with a 25th status line. The CPU was a Z80A running at 4 MHz. 64k RAM and 2k ROM. Two 5¼ inch 13.3cm double density floppy disk drives, storing 200 kilobytes each. Two RS-232C serial ports and one parallel port. Seven bundled software packages.
Price U$1599.

Note 34: Advertisement in Creative Computing magazine, July 1980, page 5, by MiniMicroMart Inc., 1618 James Street, Syracuse, New York 13203, offering North Star Hard Disk HD-18 storage units for sale by mail order. U$4199 plus shipping costs. "Utilizes tried and proven 14-inch 35cm Century Data Marksman ... Plugs into parallel port of North Star Horizon."

Note 35: Advertisement in Creative Computing magazine, December 1983, page 299, by GenTech, 150 Broadway, Suite 2212, New York City 11038, offering hard disk storage units for sale by mail order.

Note 36: Advertisement in Creative Computing magazine, May 1984, page 194, by GenTech, 150 Broadway, Suite 2212, New York City 11038, offering hard disk storage units for sale by mail order. The following notes appeared in the ad: The ad continued: Call for prices on hard disks by
Note 37: Advertisement in Creative Computing magazine, March 1984, page 214, offering hard disk storage units, and other computer items, for sale by mail order, by a company named Computer Mail Order, 477 East Third Street, Williamsport, Pennsylvania 17701.

Note 38: Advertisement in Creative Computing magazine, March 1984, page 250, offering hard disk storage units, and other computer items, for sale by mail order, by Lyco Computer Marketing & Consultants, Jersey Shore, Pennsylvania 17740. "Hard disk drives for Apple and IBM-PC. Add U$80.00 for TRS-80 drives." [TRS — Tandy Radio Shack] The hard drive manufacturer was not named in the ad.

Note 39: Advertisement in Scientific American, October 1987 (special computer issue), page 12, offering hard disk storage units, and other computer items, for sale by mail order, by Elek-Tek, 6557 North Lincoln Avenue, Chicago, Illinois 60645. These Iomega "Bernoulli Box" units were for "PC/XT/AT and most compatibles."

Note 40: Future Shop, 208 Chain Lake Drive, Halifax, in an advertisement in the Halifax Daily News, 26 August 1998.

Note 41: Future Shop, 208 Chain Lake Drive, Halifax, in a flyer distributed in The Globe & Mail, 29 August 1998. Prices include a $40.00 mail-in rebate coupon effective September 1st, 1998. The 8.4 gigabyte drive ran at 5200 revolutions per minute.

Note 42: Future Shop, 208 Chain Lake Drive, Halifax, in an advertisement in the Halifax Daily News, 10 September 1998. The store price was $319.99 plus 15% sales tax. The drive package included a mail-in rebate coupon worth U$80.00. At the close of business on this day, the currency exchange rate was C$1.00 = U64.74¢, making the coupon worth C$123.57, and the final cost to the buyer C$244.43, which works out to 4.79¢ per megabyte.

Note 43: Future Shop, 208 Chain Lake Drive, Halifax, in an advertisement in the Halifax Daily News, 1 October 1998. The store price was $289.99 plus 15% sales tax. The drive package included a mail-in rebate coupon worth U$40.00. At the close of business the previous day, the currency exchange rate was C$1.00 = U65.54¢, making the coupon worth C$61.03, and the final cost to the buyer C$272.46, which works out to 4.26¢ per megabyte.

Note 44: Future Shop, 208 Chain Lake Drive, Halifax, in an advertisement in the Halifax Daily News, 12 February 1999. The store price was $299.99 plus 15% sales tax. 4000 rpm Form factor 5.25 inches 11.4 cm

Note 45: Future Shop, 208 Chain Lake Drive, Halifax, in an advertisement in the Halifax Daily News, 26 February 1999. The store price was $309.99 plus 15% sales tax. The drive package included a mail-in rebate coupon worth C$40.00. "Free Norton Utilities 4.0 ($89 value) with the purchase of this hard drive (mail-in offer)."

Note 46: Future Shop, 208 Chain Lake Drive, Halifax, in an colour advertisement in the Nova Scotia edition of The Globe and Mail 26 February 1999. The store price was $279.99 plus 15% sales tax. The drive package included a mail-in rebate coupon worth C$30.00. 4000 rpm Form factor 5.25 inches 11.4 cm

Note 47: On 27 February 1999, Future Shop, in its website http://www.futureshop.com/ offers for sale in its Canadian stores the following: Quantum Bigfoot TS 19.2 gigabyte Ultra-ATA 5.25" 11.4 cm hard drive for $512.46 plus 15% sales tax. "The Quantum Bigfoot disk drive family delivers the highest capacity on the desktop and best cost per megabyte. Each drive features an Ultra ATA interface that transfers data up to 33 megabytes per second for maximum sequential performance to run the latest multimedia, video, and MMX applications. In fact, with a 10.5 millisecond average seek time, Quantum Bigfoot TS drives outperform many 3.5-inch drives."

Note 48: Bruce's Radio and TV, 8916 Commercial Street, New Minas, Nova Scotia, offers these hard drives for sale in an advertisement on page 59 of The Computer Paper, (monthly) Eastern Edition, March 1999.

Note 49: On 3 March 1999, Bruce's Radio and TV, 8916 Commercial Street, New Minas, Nova Scotia, offers these hard drives for sale in his website at http://www3.ns.sympatico.ca/bruces/.

Note 50: Bruce's Radio and TV, 8916 Commercial Street, New Minas, Nova Scotia, offers these hard drives for sale in an advertisement on page 69 of The Computer Paper, (monthly) Eastern Edition, April 1999.

Note 51: Future Shop, 208 Chain Lake Drive, Halifax, in an colour advertisement in the Nova Scotia edition of The National Post, 21 May 1999. Fujitsu 6.4 gigabyte hard drive, 5400 rpm, UDMA33/UDMA66, 9.5 ms average seek time. Store price $229.99 less $50.00 mail-in coupon, for a net cost of $179.99 before sales tax.

Note 52: On 27 May 1999, Bruce's Radio and TV, 8916 Commercial Street, New Minas, Nova Scotia, offers these hard drives for sale in his website at http://www3.ns.sympatico.ca/bruces/.

Note 53: Future Shop, 208 Chain Lake Drive, Halifax, in an colour advertisement in the Nova Scotia edition of The National Post, 28 May 1999. UDMA, 3.5 inch 8.9 cm form factor, 33 megabytes per second transfer rate, 9 ms access time. This item was again offered, at the same price, in the Future Shop flyer distributed in the Halifax Chronicle-Herald, 10 June 1999.

Note 54: Future Shop, 208 Chain Lake Drive, Halifax, in a full-page colour advertisement in the Nova Scotia edition of The National Post, 21 July 1999. UDMA (ultra direct memory access), average access time less than 10 ms. This hard drive was priced at $249.99, with a $50.00 mail-in rebate coupon. Each purchaser of one of these drives also got a "free" (no extra cost) Norton Utilities 4.0 "$79 value". If you subtract the $79.00 from the rebated price of this drive, the purchaser pays a net of $151.00 (including 15% sales tax on the store price) for this drive, yielding a cost of 1.80¢ per megabyte.

Note 55: Future Shop, 208 Chain Lake Drive, Halifax, in a full-page advertisement in the Halifax Daily News, 30 July 1999. UDMA (ultra direct memory access), 5400 rpm (revolutions per minute), average seek time 9.5 ms. The ad states that this hard drive was priced at $189.99, with a $50.00 mail-in rebate coupon, for a net cost of $139.99. The purchaser paid 15% sales tax on the store price.

Note 56: The Technology Book 1989 (catalogue, 184 pages in colour) distributed at all Radio Shack stores in Canada in 1989. A complete copy, in excellent condition, was generously made available to me in August 1999 by Mr. John McLeod, Money Editor of the Halifax Daily News. (In The Daily News, 6 August 1999, Mr. McLeod wrote: "A colleague digging in a closet came up with a decade-old Radio Shack catalogue...") The only date information in this catalogue is: it carried a cover date "1989" and was copyrighted in 1988. On page 178, this catalogue had two hard disk drives for sale. One priced at $899.00, with 20 megabytes storage capacity, for the following computers: Tandy 1000, Tandy 3000 HL, IBM PC, or IBM compatible. The other, priced at $1199.00, 40 megabytes, for Tandy 1000s/3000/4000 or IBM compatible. These Western Digital drives were sold mounted on "user-installable" cards, which plugged into the computer's "10-inch card slot." If memory serves, in 1989 purchasers in Nova Scotia paid a provincial sales tax of 11%, plus a federal sales tax of 7%.

Note 57: PC Centre, 121 Ilsley Drive, Burnside Industrial Park, Dartmouth, in quarter-page display advertisements in the Halifax Daily News and the Chronicle-Herald,25 September 1999. The store price was stated as $199.00 plus 15% HST, less $40.00 mail-in rebate, making the cost to the purchaser $188.85. The ad contained no information about the name of the manufacturer, warranty, or other details.

Note 58: Computer International, 5990 St. Hubert, Montreal, offers these hard drives for sale in an advertisement on page 58 of The Computer Paper, Eastern (Atlantic Provinces) Edition, October 1999.

Note 59: Computer Annex, 958 Cole Harbour Road, Dartmouth, Nova Scotia, offers these hard drives for sale in an advertisement on page 48 of The Computer Paper, Eastern (Atlantic Provinces) Edition, December 1999.

Note 60: Bruce's Radio and TV, 8916 Commercial Street, New Minas, Nova Scotia, offers these hard drives for sale in an advertisement on page 51 of The Computer Paper, Eastern (Atlantic Provinces) Edition, December 1999. The ad does not state the manufacturer's name.

Sales Tax: Throughout 1999, and continuing into 2000, the sales tax in Nova Scotia was/is 15%. It is added to each purchase at the time of sale. Advertised prices of computer hardware and software are always stated without the sales tax; the purchaser pays the advertised price plus 15%. This tax is known officially as the H.S.T. or Harmonized Sales Tax. "Harmonized" means this is a combined tax, partly federal and partly provincial. (Originally, the governments called this the Blended Sales Tax, but changed to the alternative name when political opponents began calling it the B.S. Tax.)


Note 61: Bruce's Radio and TV, 8916 Commercial Street, New Minas, Nova Scotia, offers these hard drives for sale in an advertisement on page 59 of The Computer Paper, Eastern (Atlantic Provinces) Edition, February 2000. The ad does not state the manufacturer's name.
    http://www3.ns.sympatico.ca/bruces/
    http://www.brucesonline.com/

Note 62: Computer Annex, 958 Cole Harbour Road, Dartmouth, Nova Scotia, offers these hard drives for sale in an advertisement on page 85 of The Computer Paper, Eastern (Atlantic Provinces) Edition, February 2000.
    http://www.computerannex.com/

Note 63: Ambassador Computers, Suite 100, West End Mall, Halifax, Nova Scotia, offers these hard drives for sale in an advertisement on page 35 of The Computer Paper, Eastern (Atlantic Provinces) Edition, February 2000.
    http://www.ambassador.ns.ca/

Note 64: MicroBytes, 940 St. Jean Boulevard, Pointe Claire (Montreal), Quebec, offers these hard drives for sale in an advertisement on page 26 of The Computer Paper, Eastern (Atlantic Provinces) Edition, February 2000. The ad does not state the manufacturer's name. Sales to residents of "New Brunswick and Nova Scotia must pay H.S.T." of 15%.
    http://www.microbytes.com/

Note 65: Future Shop, 208 Chain Lake Drive, Halifax, and 39 Micmac Blvd., Dartmouth, in a 20-page colour flyer distributed as an insert in the Halifax Daily News, 12 May 2000. Prices in effect May 10th-16th, 2000. [The "66" in UDMA/66 refers to a data transfer rate of 66 megabytes per second, into or out of the hard drive.]
    http://www.futureshop.ca/

...On the IDE side, the state of the art is what Apple calls Ultra ATA, but many other companies call it Ultra DMA or Ultra IDE. It comes in two speed grades, known as Ultra ATA/33 and Ultra ATA/66, for the maximum rate — measured in megabytes per second — that data can move between the drive and the rest of the computer. (In practice, most drives fall far short of these limits most of the time, though they come closer in occasional short bursts.)...
[San Francisco Chronicle, 3 February 2000]


Maxtor hard drive box Note 66: Future Shop, 208 Chain Lake Drive, Halifax, and 39 Micmac Blvd., Dartmouth, on 13 May 2000 in their website offers for sale Maxtor 40GB 7200rpm Hard Drives at $399.99 each, plus 15% sales tax. Description: Diamond Max Plus 7200rpm, UDMA66, 40GB capacity, UltraDMA66 interface. 2MB 100MHz SDRAM cache buffer. Maxtor dualwave multi processor controller. Maxtor enhanced shockblock design. Warranty: 3 years parts and labour. [The "66" in UDMA/66 refers to a data transfer rate of 66 megabytes per second, into or out of the hard drive.]
Source:
    http://www.futureshop.ca/can_deploy/plsql/indexframe.findframe?eccookie=xFaUml6TZFY
        SvrVHDYSEbuOdbawNM2OwsIGj6pkyqe%2Ft2vecPAtwqM024FPV0aLx1kTs
        Uaebq8Kg6gXb9HqZ%2B9V1MuZSdofh%2FaQCI9oF9KEdRQbwhlkyNT5U1D
        fGL4xL5KcvenV9a4%2BVMkYnF9heCbGQ47gzesel&aisle=hw&acct=false&
        ecpiid=20721&ecpid=20750&ecsid=2838


Note 67: Future Shop, 208 Chain Lake Drive, Halifax, and 39 Micmac Blvd., Dartmouth, in a colour flyer distributed as an insert in the Halifax Daily News, 2 June 2000. Prices in effect May 31st-June 6th, 2000. The flyer included a Maxtor Ultra DMA 66 15 gigabyte hard drive, 5400 rpm, priced at $189.99 plus 15% sales tax. [The "66" in UDMA/66 refers to a data transfer rate of 66 megabytes per second, into or out of the hard drive.]
    http://www.futureshop.ca/

Note 68: Bruce's Radio and TV, 8916 Commercial Street, New Minas, Nova Scotia, offers these hard drives for sale in an advertisement on page 49 of The Computer Paper, Eastern (Atlantic Provinces) Edition, April 2000. The ad does not state the manufacturer's name.
    http://www3.ns.sympatico.ca/bruces/
    http://www.brucesonline.com/

Note 69: PC Medic, 50 Akerley Blvd., Burnside Industrial Park, Dartmouth, Nova Scotia, offers these hard drives for sale in an advertisement on page 44 of The Computer Paper, Eastern (Atlantic Provinces) Edition, April 2000.
    http://PCMedicDirect.com/

The Computer Paper is available online at
http://www.canadacomputes.com/


Note 70: Unistar Micro Technology Inc., 30 West Beaver Creek Road, Unit #13, Richmond Hill, Ontario, offers these hard drives for sale in an advertisement on page 57 of The Computer Paper, Eastern (Atlantic Provinces) Edition, April 2000. "Secure online ordering now available."
    http://www.unistar-micro.com/

Note 71: PC Medic, 50 Akerley Blvd., Burnside Industrial Park, Dartmouth, Nova Scotia, and 2760 Robie Street, Halifax, offers these hard drives for sale in an advertisement the Halifax Chronicle-Herald, 19 August 2000, and in the Halifax Sunday Daily News, 20 August 2000.
    http://www.PCMedicDirect.com/

Note 72: PC Medic, 50 Akerley Blvd., Burnside Industrial Park, Dartmouth, Nova Scotia, and 2760 Robie Street, Halifax, offers these hard drives for sale in an advertisement the Halifax Sunday Daily News, 20 August 2000.
    http://www.PCMedicDirect.com/

Note 73: Bruce's Radio and TV, 8916 Commercial Street, New Minas, Nova Scotia, offers these hard drives for sale in an advertisement on page 55 of The Computer Paper, Eastern (Atlantic Provinces) Edition, August 2000.
    http://www3.ns.sympatico.ca/bruces/
    http://www.brucesonline.com/

Note 74: PC Medic, 50 Akerley Blvd., Burnside Industrial Park, Dartmouth, and 2760 Robie Street, Halifax, Nova Scotia, offers this Maxtor IDE ATA66 7200rpm hard drive for sale in an advertisement on page 29 of The Computer Paper, Eastern (Atlantic Provinces) Edition, August 2000.
    http://PCMedicDirect.com/

Note 75: Future Shop, 208 Chain Lake Drive, Halifax, and 39 Micmac Blvd., Dartmouth, in a colour flyer distributed as an insert in the Halifax Daily News, 25 August 2000. Prices in effect August 23rd-29th, 2000. The flyer included a Maxtor Ultra DMA/66 30 gigabyte hard drive, 7200 rpm, priced at $299.99 plus 15% sales tax less $50.00 mail-in rebate, for a net cost to the purchaser of $294.99.
    http://www.futureshop.ca/

Note 76: PC Medic, 50 Akerley Blvd., Burnside Industrial Park, Dartmouth, and 2760 Robie Street, Halifax, Nova Scotia, offered these Maxtor hard drives for sale in a two-page three-colour advertisement in the Halifax Daily News, 27 October 2000.
    http://PCMedicDirect.com/

Note 77: Future Shop, 208 Chain Lake Drive, Halifax, and 39 Micmac Blvd., Dartmouth, in a colour flyer distributed as an insert in the Halifax Daily News, 1 November 2000. Prices in effect November 1st-7th, 2000. The flyer included a Maxtor Ultra DMA/66 30 gigabyte hard drive, 7200 rpm, priced at $249.00 plus 15% sales tax less $50.00 mail-in rebate, for a net cost to the purchaser of $236.35.
    http://www.futureshop.ca/

Note 78: Bruce's Radio and TV, 8916 Commercial Street, New Minas, Nova Scotia, offers this hard drive for sale in an advertisement on page 30 of The Computer Paper, Eastern (Atlantic Provinces) Edition, January 2001 (I picked up my copy in New Minas on December 13th, 2000).

Note 79: Future Shop, 208 Chain Lake Drive, Halifax, and 39 Micmac Blvd., Dartmouth, in a colour flyer distributed as an insert in the Halifax Daily News, 20 December 2000. Prices in effect December 20th-23rd, 2000.

Note 80: PC Medic, 50 Akerley Blvd., Burnside Industrial Park, Dartmouth, and 2760 Robie Street, Halifax, Nova Scotia, offered these 5400rpm hard drives — manufacturer not named — for sale in a full-page advertisement in the Halifax Daily News, 14 January 2001.
    http://PCMedicDirect.com/

Note 81: IPC Personal Computers, Dartmouth PC Centre, Unit E 12  Ilsely Avenue, Burnside Industrial Park, Dartmouth, offered these hard drives for sale in their website at http://www.ipc.ca/accessories/index.asp. The company had a half-page advertisement in the Halifax Daily News, 25 April 2001. The ad did not mention these hard drives, but supplied the website address.

Note 82: PC Medic, 50 Akerley Blvd., Burnside Industrial Park, Dartmouth, and 2760 Robie Street, Halifax, Nova Scotia, offered these hard drives — manufacturer not identified — for sale in an advertisement on page 24 of The Computer Paper, Eastern (Atlantic Provinces) Edition, May 2001.

Note 83: Future Shop, 208 Chain Lake Drive, Halifax, and 39 Micmac Blvd., Dartmouth, in a colour flyer distributed as an insert in the Halifax Daily News, 28 June 2001. Prices in effect June 27th-July 3rd, 2001. This hard drive had a 3-year warranty, with 66.6 megabytes per second data transfer rate and 8.9 ms data access time. (This is the first 7200 rpm hard drive I saw advertised below $7.00 per gigabyte.)

Note 84: Future Shop, 208 Chain Lake Drive, Halifax, and 39 Micmac Blvd., Dartmouth, in a colour flyer distributed as an insert in the Halifax Daily News, 6 July 2001. Prices in effect July 4th-10th, 2001. This hard drive had a 3-year warranty, with 9.0 ms data access time.

Note 85: Future Shop, 208 Chain Lake Drive, Halifax, and 39 Micmac Blvd., Dartmouth, in a colour flyer distributed as an insert in the Halifax Daily News, 20 July 2001. Prices in effect July 18th-24th, 2001. "The largest capacity 7200rpm hard drive ever." Ultra ATA 100 megabytes per second data transfer rate. 8.9 ms average seek time. The pricing of this item was a bit complicated: The store price was $444.99, and the customer got a mail-in rebate coupon worth U$30.00. At the close of business on Thursday, July 19th, the currency conversion rate was C$1.00 = U64.847¢ making the rebate worth C$46.26, yielding the cost to the purchaser C$398.73 (before the 15% sales tax). The store advertised the rebate value at a conservative "C$45.00 approx.", yielding the purchaser's cost C$399.99 (before sales tax). (This is the first 7200 rpm hard drive I saw advertised below $6.00 per gigabyte.)

Note 86: Future Shop, 208 Chain Lake Drive, Halifax, and 39 Micmac Blvd., Dartmouth, in a colour flyer distributed as an insert in the Halifax Daily News, 31 August 2001. Prices in effect August 29th to September 4th, 2001. Ultra ATA 100 megabytes per second data transfer rate. The pricing of this item was a bit complicated: The store price was $329.99, and the customer got two reductions from this price: an "instant rebate" of $25.00, and a mail-in coupon good for another rebate of U$50.00 which the store estimated to be worth about C$75.00. Taking all this into account, the customer's cost, by the store's estimate, would be $229.99 (plus the 15% sales tax).

Note 87: Future Shop, 208 Chain Lake Drive, Halifax, and 39 Micmac Blvd., Dartmouth, in a colour flyer distributed as an insert in the Halifax Daily News, 30 November 2001. Prices in effect November 28th to December 11th, 2001. Ultra ATA 100 megabytes per second data transfer rate. The pricing of this item was a bit complicated: The store price was $449.99, and the customer got two reductions from this price: an "instant rebate" of $30.00, and a mail-in coupon good for another rebate of U$100.00 which was worth C$159.64 (the currency conversion rate was C$1.00 = U62.641¢ at the close of business on 30 November). Taking all of this into account, the customer's cost would be $260.35 (plus the 15% sales tax).

Note 88: PC Medic, 50 Akerley Blvd., Burnside Industrial Park, Dartmouth, and 2760 Robie Street, Halifax, offered this hard drive for sale in an advertisement in the Halifax Chronicle-Herald, 1 December 2001.

Note 89: Future Shop, 208 Chain Lake Drive, Halifax, and 39 Micmac Blvd., Dartmouth, in a colour flyer distributed as an insert in the Halifax Daily News, 8 March 2002. Prices in effect March 6th to 12th, 2002. Ultra ATA 100 megabytes per second data transfer rate. 9.5 ms average seek time. "Free installation, $45 value, data transfer not included."

Note 90: PC Medic, 50 Akerley Blvd., Burnside Industrial Park, Dartmouth, and 2760 Robie Street, Halifax, offered this hard drive for sale in an advertisement in the Halifax Daily News, 27 July 2002.

Note 91: Future Shop, 208 Chain Lake Drive, Halifax, and 39 Micmac Blvd., Dartmouth, in a colour flyer distributed as an insert in the Halifax Daily News, 9 August 2002. Prices in effect August 7th to 13th, 2002. Ultra ATA 100 megabytes per second data transfer rate. 8.9 ms average seek time.

Note 92: Future Shop, 208 Chain Lake Drive, Halifax, and 39 Micmac Blvd., Dartmouth, in a colour flyer distributed as an insert in the Halifax Daily News, 16 August 2002. Prices in effect August 14th to 20th, 2002.

Note 93: Future Shop, 208 Chain Lake Drive, Halifax, and 39 Micmac Blvd., Dartmouth, in a colour flyer distributed as an insert in the Halifax Daily News, 23 August 2002. Prices in effect August 21th to 27th, 2002. Ultra ATA 100 megabytes per second data transfer rate. 9.5 ms average seek time. (Warranty duration for this item was obtained from the Future Shop website: http://www.futureshop.ca/)

Note 94: Future Shop, 208 Chain Lake Drive, Halifax, and 39 Micmac Blvd., Dartmouth, in a colour flyer distributed as an insert in the Halifax Daily News, 30 August 2002. Prices in effect August 28th to September 3rd, 2002. Ultra ATA 100 megabytes per second data transfer rate. 8.9 ms average seek time. (Warranty duration for this item was obtained from the Future Shop website: http://www.futureshop.ca/)

Note 95: Future Shop, 208 Chain Lake Drive, Halifax, and 39 Micmac Blvd., Dartmouth, in a colour flyer distributed as an insert in the Halifax Daily News, 6 September 2002. Prices in effect September 4th to 10th, 2002. (Warranty durations for these items were obtained from the Future Shop website: http://www.futureshop.ca/)

Note 96: Future Shop, 208 Chain Lake Drive, Halifax, and 39 Micmac Blvd., Dartmouth, in a colour flyer distributed as an insert in the Halifax Daily News, 20 September 2002. Prices in effect September 18th to October 1st, 2002. (Warranty durations for these items were obtained from the Future Shop website: http://www.futureshop.ca/)

Note 97: PC Medic, 50 Akerley Blvd., Burnside Industrial Park, Dartmouth, and 2760 Robie Street, Halifax, offered these hard drives for sale in an advertisement in the Halifax Chronicle-Herald, 11 and 25 October 2003.

Note 98: PC Medic, 50 Akerley Blvd., Burnside Industrial Park, Dartmouth, and 2760 Robie Street, Halifax, offered these hard drives for sale in an advertisement in the Halifax Chronicle-Herald, 29 Nov and 6 Dec 2003.

Note 99: Future Shop, 208 Chain Lake Drive, Halifax, and 39 Micmac Blvd., Dartmouth, as advertised in the Future Shop website http://www.futureshop.ca/ on 27 March 2004.

Hard drive prices in Halifax, 27 March 2004 Note 100: PC Medic, 50 Akerley Blvd., Burnside Industrial Park, Dartmouth, and 2760 Robie Street, Halifax, offered these hard drives for sale in an advertisement in the Halifax Chronicle-Herald, 27 March 2004.

Note 101: Future Shop, 208 Chain Lake Drive, Halifax, and 39 Micmac Blvd., Dartmouth, in a 20-page colour flyer distributed as an insert in the Halifax Daily News, 2 April 2004. Prices in effect April 2nd to 8th, 2004. For this hard drive, the store price was $269.99 – there was a $35.00 "instant rebate" (applied at the time of purchase), and mail-in rebate coupon worth U$50.00 (estimated value C$65.00, depending on the currency exchange rate at the time of redemption), yielding a purchaser's cost of $269.99 – 35.00 – 65.00 = $169.99 (before sales tax). At the close of business on Friday, April 2nd, the currency conversion rate was C$1.00 = U76.04¢ making the U$50 rebate coupon worth C$65.75 at this time.

Note 102: Future Shop, 208 Chain Lake Drive, Halifax, and 39 Micmac Blvd., Dartmouth, in a 20-page colour flyer distributed as an insert in the Halifax Daily News, 16 April 2004. Prices in effect April 16th to 22nd, 2004. Warranty duration and rotational speed of this Caviar "SE" (Special Edition) hard drive were obtained from the Future Shop website http://www.futureshop.ca/.




Heathkit paper tape punch/reader for Heathkit personal computer, 1977
1977 ad offering a
Paper Tape Punch/Reader

as a "mass storage peripheral"
for the Heathkit H11 personal computer.
Click on image to see the whole ad.



Glossary

Disk Drive Terms by Webopedia
    http://webopedia.internet.com/Hardware/Data_Storage/Disk_Drives/

Glossary of Disk Drive Technical Terms by Quantum
    http://www.quantum.com/src/tt/storage_glossary.htm

IDE integrated drive electronics
This hard drive interface has all of its controller electronics integrated into the drive itself. The IDE interface is limited to 528 megabytes hard disk capacity as a result of the Int 13h BIOS interface used to access IDE drives. By 1998, IDE had been pretty much superseded by an enhanced version, EIDE.

EIDE enhanced integrated drive electronics
An improvement of the PC platform's IDE drive interface that increases the previous maximum disk capacity from 528 megabytes to 8.4 gigabytes, speeds up the data transfer rate to more than twice what IDE was capable of, and increases to four the number of drives that one PC can utilize, compared to IDE's ability to handle two drives in one computer. With Enhanced IDE, the IDE interface has become a mass storage interface for personal computers and is no longer simply a disk drive interface. EIDE products started arriving on the market in the fourth quarter of 1993...
EIDE Backgrounder by Western Digital
    http://www.wdc.com/new/products/eide/

Enhanced IDE overcomes drive capacity barriers. A typical system BIOS dated before August 1994 does not recognize drives larger than 528 MB as a result of the cylinder, head, and sector definitions of both BIOS Interrupt 13 and the IDE interface...
EIDE Backgrounder by Western Digital
    http://www.wdc.com/products/drives/drivers-ed/eide.htm

UDMA ultra direct memory access
UDMA defines a new (1997) protocol for the interface between the hard drive and the computer. It improves upon the ATAPI/EIDE standard by doubling data transfer rates to 33 megabytes per second, which, for the user, means faster disk reads and writes. For users to take advantage of UDMA, both their system and hard drive must support the protocol. UDMA retains backwards compatibility for previously existing hardware. Systems with UDMA capability first became available in early 1997 with major disk drive vendors (Quantum, Seagate, IBM-SSD, Western Digital, Maxtor, Toshiba, Fujitsu, and others) introducing new UDMA products throughout the year.


2004 March

Seagate Sees the Future:
Storing the U.S. Library of Congress
on a Fifty-Cent Coin

Areal density research findings to be presented at
American Physical Society Conference

Scotts Valley, California, 22 March 2004 — Seagate Technology will present research findings pointing toward data storage densities of 50 terabits per square inch or more at the American Physical Society (APS) conference on March 25, 2004.

At 50 terabits per square inch [7.7 terabits per square centimetre] densities, over 3.5 million high-resolution photos, 2,800 audio CDs, 1,600 hours of television, or the entire printed collection of the U.S. Library of Congress could be stored onto recording media about the size of a single coin, such as a half dollar (31mm). Seagate's research team is currently developing the technology, called Heat Assisted Magnetic Recording (HAMR), which is expected to enable these ultra-high storage densities.

Dr. Terry McDaniel, Seagate recording physicist and APS member, will give the presentation entitled, "Ultimate Limits to Thermally Assisted Magnetic Recording." The presentation is part of the APS session V6 series, "Ultimate Limits to Data Storage." A session abstract can be found at the APS site, www.aps.org. This work was performed as part of the Information Storage Industry Consortium (INSIC) program in Heat Assisted Magnetic Recording...
Source: http://www.seagate.com/cda/newsinfo/newsroom/releases/article/0,1121,2047,00.html



1999 December

Hard Drive Capacity Barriers

The amount of space available to store information on hard drives is constantly increasing. Computer operating systems and system BIOSs have limitations that are related to specific hard drive capacities. Three capacity points that can affect how your operating system and system BIOS support your hard drive are 8.4 GB, 2.1 GB, and 528 MB...

8.4 GB Barrier

There is an 8.4 GB hard drive limitation on some traditional system BIOSs. The following is required to access the full capacity of an 8.4 GB or larger hard drive...

2.1 GB Barrier

Hard drives larger than 2.1 GB have more than 4095 cylinders. Some computer systems built before early 1996 do not support hard drives with more than 4095 cylinders (hard drives larger than 2.1 GB), unless you update the system BIOS, install an EIDE controller card with onboard BIOS, or install third-party software such as EZ-Drive...

528 MB Barrier

Most computer systems built before August 1994 do not support hard drives larger than 528 MB, unless you update the system BIOS, install an EIDE controller card with onboard BIOS, or install third-party software such as EZ-Drive...

Source: Hard Drive Capacity Barriers by Western Digital
    http://www.wdc.com/products/drives/8-4barr.html


1998 September

Getting Around the 8.4 GB Barrier

Q: Why do Western Digital Caviar EIDE hard drives 8.4 GB and larger all have the same parameters?

Drives 8.4 GB and larger all use the same parameters: 16383 cylinders, 16 heads, and 63 sectors. This is due to a limitation designed into the original IDE interface. Hard drives identify themselves to the system BIOS using the "Identify Drive Data." The original design of the IDE interface allowed for values up to 16383 x 16 x 63 (around 8.4 GB) to be used in the Identify Drive Data. In order for drives to identify themselves as being larger than 8.4 GB, a new method was needed. This new method was added on to the Identify Drive Data, and is known as the "Extended Functions."

The extended functions communicate drive size in a more straight forward manner, simply telling the BIOS how how many sectors are available on the drive (the capacity can then be calculated by multiplying the number of sectors times 512 bytes). Once the Extended Functions are used, the Cylinders, Heads, and Sectors on the drive are no longer important. All hard drive manufacturers agreed that drives larger than 8.4 GB would report the maximum number of cylinders, heads and sectors, which is 16383 x 16 x 63. The actual size of the drive must be determined by the Extended Functions. Some manufacturers may list larger parameters with their drives, but these drives will still only be able to report 16383 x 16 x 63 in the Identify Drive Data.

In order to make use of drives larger than 8.4 GB, both the system BIOS and the Operating System must be able to interpret Extended Functions. Older operating systems such as DOS 6.22 and Windows 3.1 are not able to interpret Extended Functions, so they will never be able to use drives larger than 8.4 GB... Newer operating systems, such as Windows 95, 98, and NT are capable of handling larger drives. Windows 95 and 98 require that the system BIOS also support the Extended Functions, while NT only requires that Service Pack 3 be installed. Other OS's such as OS/2 may require special patches to access drives larger than 8.4 GB...


2001 May 22

Computer Disk Storage Space
Outpaces Moore's Law

Superparamagnetic Limit Exceeded by IBM Researchers

SAN FRANCISCO — IBM announced yesterday that its researchers have succeeded in expanding what was thought to be a fundamental data-density limit in the most common form of computer storage technology.

Researchers at the company's Almaden Research Center in San Jose, Calif., say they have been able to reach far beyond a frontier known as the superparamagnetic limit — a point at which the tiny magnetic areas that store ones and zeros on the rotating platters used in computer hard disks become unstable.

The company also announced that it has already begun using the new technology in the manufacture of its most recent advanced disk drives, which began shipping several weeks ago.

Those disks are shipping as part of its Travelstar product line of notebook hard disks, and they have now reached densities of up to 25.7 billion bits per square inch 3.98 billion bits per square centimetre. At this density, IBM's highest capacity drives can store 48 billion bytes — 48 gigabytes — of data.

But IBM executives said the new magnetic materials technology introduced with the Travelstar line would enable IBM to increase disk density to 100 billion bits per square inch 15 billion bits per square centimetre as soon as 2003.

Such a density achievement would make it possible for the company to manufacture a version of its tiny 1-inch 2.5 cm Microdrive that would store 6 GB of information, compared with its current capacity of up to 1 GB.

It will also be possible to build desktop drives capable of storing 400 GB of data and portable drives capable of storing 200 GB. Such a portable drive could hold the equivalent of 42 DVDs.

Underlying the densities is a technique used to deposit an ultrathin layer of ruthenium, a precious metal similar to platinum, between two layers of magnetic material.

The resulting sandwich, in which the ruthenium layer is just three atoms thick, is sufficient to create an effect known as antiferromagnetic coupling, or AFC, in which a stronger and more stable electronic field is created than with conventional single-layer magnetic materials.

The AFC effect is already used in the manufacture of tiny magnetic sensors that read data from a rotating disk. These sensors pick up minute changes in magnetic field strength, which are represented by digital ones and zeros in computer language. But IBM executives said the company was leading the industry in introducing the new technology in the manufacture of the disk platters themselves.

"The pace of this technology is now moving remarkably rapidly," said Currie Munce, who holds the dual positions of director of Hard Disk Drive Technology at IBM's Storage Technology Division and director of Storage Systems and Technology at Almaden Research Center.

Indeed, the increase in density within the disk drive industry has outpaced the legendary rate of Moo